In this article, we present several apparent paradoxes of special relativity and their respective solutions. These paradoxes have appeared since the advent of relativity in 1905, and in fact they are never paradoxes. From a didactic point of view, paradoxes are an excellent learning tool. They lead the student to confront, and abandon, several central concepts of Galilean theory, such as simultaneity and rigidity of extended bodies. In particular, we review a new and simple solution to the twin paradox, recently found by one of the present authors [1]. It does not need to consider reference accelerators or light signals, which are the solutions presented in the literature.

Nesse artigo, apresentamos vários paradoxos aparentes da relatividade restrita e suas respectivas soluções. Esse paradoxos aparecem desde o advento da relatividade, em 1905, e de fato nunca são paradoxos. Do ponto de vista didático, os paradoxos são uma excelente ferramenta de aprendizado. Eles levam o estudante a confrontar, e abandonar, vários conceitos centrais da teoria Galileana, como a simultaneidade e a rigidez dos corpos extensos. Particularmente, revisaremos uma nova e simples solução para o paradoxo dos gêmeos, encontrada recentemente por um dos presentes autores [1]. Ela não necessita considerar referenciais acelerados ou sinais de luz, que são as soluções apresentadas na literatura.

RESUMO O artigo apresenta a elaboração de mapa de danos buscando implantá-lo em um edifício do Séc. XVI objetivando incentivar a preservação deste patrimônio histórico-cultural. A pesquisa adota a elaboração de mapa de danos a partir das Fichas de Identificação dos Danos desenvolvidas nas inspeções realizadas, configurando o mapa de danos como ferramenta fundamental para registrar problemas, norteando serviços de profilaxia. Enfatiza também a complexidade na análise das edificações históricas, pois torna-se indispensável conhecer as técnicas construtivas e materiais utilizados nestas edificações. Conclui, finalmente, que a utilização das etapas indicadas, na elaboração de mapa de danos, fornece subsídios que facilitam a análise da sintomatologia e do correto diagnóstico das patologias encontradas, garantindo uma proposta mais confiável para o tratamento das anomalias.

ABSTRACT This article presents the elaboration and implementation of a damage map in a 16th century building with the aim of promoting the preservation of this historical-cultural heritage. The study adopts the elaboration of the damage map from the damage identification sheets developed during the inspections, configuring itself as an important tool to register problems and guide the prophylaxis services. The complexity of the analysis of historical buildings is emphasized, since it is essential to know the techniques and materials used in these constructions. It is concluded that the use of the indicated stages, in the elaboration of the map of damages, provides subsidies that facilitate the analysis of the symptomatology and the correct diagnosis, guaranteeing a more reliable treatment.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la elaboración e implementación de un mapa de daños en un edificio del siglo XVI con el objetivo de fomentar la preservación de este patrimonio histórico-cultural. El estudio adopta la elaboración del mapa de daños a partir de las fichas de identificación de daños desarrolladas durante las inspecciones, configurándose como una herramienta importante para registrar problemas y guiar los servicios de profilaxis. Se enfatiza la complejidad del análisis de edificios históricos, puesto que es indispensable conocer las técnicas y materiales utilizados en estas construcciones. Se concluye que el uso de las etapas indicadas, en la elaboración del mapa de daños, proporciona subsidios que facilitan el análisis de la sintomatología y el correcto diagnóstico, garantizando un tratamiento más confiable.

Biology of the leaf gall inducer Neotrioza tavaresi Crawford, 1925 (Hemiptera, Psyllidae) on strawberry guava tree (Psidium cattleianum). A field study was conducted in Curitiba region, State of Paraná, southern Brazil, to describe the life cycle of Neotrioza tavaresi Crawford, 1925, a leaf galling insect in strawberry guava trees (Psidium cattleianum). Three cycles were observed (1997, 1998, 1999) during regular field trips and the insects were observed in Piraquara municipality, where 15 samples with 50 infested leaves were sampled in the 1997-98 cycle. Galls were dissected for detailed studies. Neotrioza tavaresi has a univoltine cycle in which adult individuals were found inside the galls from August onwards. The sexually mature insects with sex ratio 1, emerged from the galls after their dehiscence caused by feeding of the adult insects on the gall walls. Adult emergence started in early October and ended by early December, with its peak in November. Copulation took place as soon as adults exit the gall and egg laying started the next day. Females had more than 100 ovarioles containing 218.7±44.7 (n=50) fully formed eggs. This indicated the short sexual adult life-span (aprox. 5-7 days) of the species, also characterized by a concentrated oviposition. Adult individuals fed and laid their eggs on younger shoots of the plant. The bottoms of the yellowish eggs were inserted into the leaf tissue, mainly on its adaxial edge (78.1%). The nymphs hatched and, as they fed on the adaxial side of expanding leaves, modified the cell growth pattern and the round-shape galls developed on the adaxial side with one insect inside. The gall wall showed distinct layers, with the inner one suppliyng the food to the insects, and the outer layer supplying gall protection. Nymphs went through five instars and the exuviae remained stuck on a ball of wax inside the gall. All parasitoids found were Hymenoptera belonging to Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae (1 sp), Pteromalidae (2 spp) and Encyrtidae (3 spp). The findings suggest that leaf gall inducer and parasitoids insects and plant life cycles are closely connected and both leaf sprouting and gall opening seem to be triggered by the same environmental and plant conditions. The high abundance of shoots may favor insect performance as adult individuals can easily find an ideal place for feeding, copulating and laying eggs.

Lignin peroxidase (LiP) production has been extensively studied due to the potential use of this enzyme in environmental pollution control. Important aspects of the production of the enzyme by S. viridosporus T7A which have been studied include the improvement of yield and enzyme stabilization. In experiments performed in agitated flasks containing culture media composed of yeast extract as the source of nitrogen, mineral salts and different carbon sources, the use of glucose resulted in the highest values for LiP activity (350 U/L), specific LiP activity (450 U/g) and productivity (7 U/L/h). As the profile obtained with glucose-containing medium suggested enzyme instability, the effect of calcium carbonate was evaluated. The addition of CaCO3 in two different concentrations, 0.5% and 5.0%, resulted in higher values of maximum LiP activity, 600 and 900 U/L, respectively. The presence of this salt also anticipated enzyme activity peaks and allowed the detection of higher enzyme activities in the extracellular medium for longer periods of time. These results indicate a positive effect of calcium carbonate on LiP production, which is extremely relevant for industrial processes.

The distribution of biovars of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. jejuni and Campylobacter coli in monkeys from Eastern Peru was determined. Campylobacter were isolated from 31.9% of the animals studied being C. coli biovar II the most frequent (17.0%) followed by C. jejuni ssp. jejuni biovar I (8.5%).

Fue determinada la distribución de los biovares de Campylobacter jejuni ssp. jejuni y Campylobacter coli en monos del oriente peruano. Campylobacters fueron aislados del 31.9% de los animales estudiados, siendo el más frecuente C. coli biovar II (17.0%), seguido de C. jejuni ssp. jejuni biovar I (8.5%).

Forty-tree (31.4%) out of 137 serum samples obtained from two Indian communities living in the Amazon region were found to be positive for HTLV-I antibody, as tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). Eighty-two sera were collected from Mekranoiti Indians, yielding 39% of positivity, whereas 11 (20.0%) or the 55 Tiriyo serum samples had antibody to HTLV-I. In addition, positive results occurred in 10 (23.2%) out of 43 sera obtained from patients living in the Belem area, who were suffering from cancer affecting different organs. Five (16.7%) out of 30 Elisa positive specimens were also shown to be positive by either Western blot analysis (WB) or indirect immunogold electron microscopy (IIG-EM).